Smart Farming System Using IoT, Embedded Electronics, and Wireless Sensor Networks

Aim:

            To develop an IoT-based smart farming system using a wireless sensor network for real-time monitoring of soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and gas levels. The system ensures farm automation by transmitting sensor data through ESP-NOW to a master node that updates Firebase cloud and displays readings locally.

Introduction:

         Smart farming integrates IoT, embedded electronics, and wireless sensor networks to enhance agricultural productivity through real-time data monitoring and intelligent decision-making. Modern farms require continuous tracking of soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and harmful gases to maintain healthy crop growth and prevent yield loss. In this project, ESP32 microcontrollers are utilized to build a distributed sensor network, where multiple nodes collect environmental data and send it wirelessly to a central controller. The system ensures accurate measurement, low power consumption, and reliable data communication. Cloud connectivity through Firebase allows remote monitoring, making the system efficient, scalable, and suitable for large farmland applications.

Proposed system:

           The proposed system introduces an intelligent smart farming architecture using IoT-enabled wireless sensor nodes built around the ESP32 microcontroller. The system consists of three nodes: two slave nodes deployed at different locations in the farm and one master node acting as the central gateway. Each slave node is equipped with a DHT11 sensor for temperature and humidity monitoring, a gas sensor for detecting harmful environmental gases, and a soil moisture sensor to measure the moisture level in the soil. These nodes continuously sense the environmental parameters and transmit the collected data to the master node through ESP-NOW, a fast, secure, and low-power peer-to-peer wireless communication protocol. The master node receives data from both slaves, processes it, and uploads the values to Firebase Cloud for remote real-time monitoring via mobile or web applications. It also displays the latest readings on a 16×2 I2C LCD, enabling quick on-site viewing for farmers. This distributed architecture improves coverage, reduces wiring complexity, and ensures reliable monitoring across large farmlands. The system empowers farmers to make timely decisions related to irrigation, fertilization, and environmental control, ultimately improving crop health, reducing manual labor, and increasing agricultural efficiency.